What is Kernel ?

What is Kernal ?

In computing, the kernel is the main component of most computer operating systems; it is a bridge betweenapplications and the actual data processing done at the hardware level. The kernel's responsibilities include managing the system's resources (the communication between hardware and software components).^[1] Usually as a basic component of an operating system, a kernel can provide the lowest-level abstraction layer for the resources (especially processors and I/O devices) that application software must control to perform its function. It typically makes these facilities available to application processes through inter-process communicationmechanisms and system calls.

Operating system tasks are done differently by different kernels, depending on their design and implementation. While monolithic kernels execute all the operating system code in the same address space to increase the performance of the system, microkernels run most of the operating system services in user space as servers, aiming to improve maintainability and modularity of the operating system.^[2] A range of possibilities exists between these two extremes.

                                                          

What's Hot for Custom Roms

Best, Most Popular Custom ROMs For Android, And Why You Should Try Them Out

One of major reasons why smartphone enthusiasts opt for Android over other mobile OSes like iOS and Windows Phone 7 is because of Android’s relatively open nature. It allows users to customize every facet of their phone while iOS doesn’t, even with powerful theming systemslike DreamBoard and WinterBoard in place. Android enthusiasts are often heard installing “Custom ROMs” on their devices; these modified versions of Android OS are cooked up by passionate and dedicated developers in their free time and we’ve mentioned some of the most popular ones after the break.

First things first, it is basically a herculean task to sift through all the ROMs on all Android devices. Most ROMs are device specific but there are a few popular custom ROMs which workacross multiple devices.

1. CyanogenMod

CyanogenMod is, hands down, the most popular custom ROM available on Android. This is because of its support for an increasingly wide variety of devices as well as a plethora of neat features not included in stock versions of Android such as lockscreen gestures, browserincognito mode, support for themes, DSP Equalizer, FLAC support etc.

It is currently in version 7.1 (stable) based on Android 2.3.7. You may want to check out ourpost on how to install CyanogenMod 7.1 on any supported device to install it on yours. Check the official list of supported devices here.

2. MIUI

MIUI (pronounced mee-yoo-eye) is amongst the most popular custom ROMs available on Android. While it does support plenty of devices, these are notably less varied than devices which CyanogenMod supports. MIUI is known for its distinctive look (which is, arguably, the best in the business), enhanced notifications, smart dialing and enhanced apps for Music, Gallery and Camera. [Official Website]

• How To Install MIUI ROM Android 2.3.4 On Samsung Galaxy S II [Tutorial]

3. DarkyROM

DarkyROM is a more manufacturer-specific custom ROM. They support the latest and greatest Samsung Android devices (i.e. the Galaxy S and Galaxy S II) by taking the stock TouchWiz UI, removing some of the bloatware that comes with it and then adding their own features. [Official Website]

• Install Android 2.3.5 On Galaxy S II [How To Tutorial]

4. Device Specific, AOSP-Based Ice Cream Sandwich ROMs

Last, but not least, on our list are device-specific, Android Open Source Project-based ROMs for Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich – the latest and, perhaps, most significant update to Android. These ROMs are as clean as can be, no bloatware, no extra apps, just the purest Android experience available. Plenty of the top smartphones have their own ICS-based ROMs availableright now and, as of typing, they are quite unstable. Source code for ICS was released just a few days ago, so it will take time before these ROMs become stable.

• Latest Custom Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich AOSP Is OK For Daily Use, Here’s How To Install It 
• Install Android 4.0 ICS On Galaxy S II And Galaxy S [How-to Tutorial] 
• Download And Install Android 4.0.1 ICS On Galaxy Tab [How-To Tutorial]
• How To Install Android 4.0.1 ICS Alpha Build On HTC HD2

You can follow us on Twitter, add us to your circle on Google+ or like our Facebook page to keep yourself updated on all the latest from Microsoft, Google, Apple and the web.

XXKPQ 2.3.6

 

Important: Before you flash to XXKPQ, make sure that you are from either XXKPE, XXKPN, XXKPH, XXKPM Gingerbread series. 

If you are Froyo 2.2 user, please follow the instruction. You only need to flash once to XXKPE before proceeding to XXKPQ. Please proceed to the next section if you were  Gingerbread user.

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• First up you must at least minimum 50% of battery so ensure you phone doesn't turn off when you flashing XXKPQ.
• Backup all your data to avoid any data losses on your phone. With the help bellow you can backup all your data which in there in your phone. Also, remove the simcard so that the data in your simcard is kept save.

• SMS Messages – Use SMS Backup & Restore app
• Contacts in Phone Memory – Sync with the Gmail application
• Call Log - Call Log and Restore
• Videos, Images, Videos & Files etc.– Copy to External SD Card

• Enable the USB debugging in your phone. It can be enable it is "Setting> Application> Development> USB Debugging"
• Download XXKPQ Firmware Package [Link]
• Password: sampro.pl
• After downloading the package, extracted it you will saw three folder here: (I9003XXKPQ_I9003XXKPQ_I9003SERKPQ_HOME.tar.md5, Odin3_v1.83, and SS_DL.dll)
• Run the Odin3 v1.83
• Up next, turn off the phone so that you can enter into download mode. By enter into download mode, pressing volume down (-) with holding the home button (middle button) and pressing on/off button simultaneously. [Tut]
• Once the download mode is entered, using the cable to connect your phone to the PC. Now you should see the Odin shows Added with COM Number which is yellow color in the box.
• Click PDA button and select the file: I9003XXKPQ_I9003XXKPQ_I9003SERKPQ_HOME.tar.md5
• Click the start button to let the Odin done everything.
• Warning: Do not touch anything until it completely done and show PASS on the program Odin. The color will become to green.
• Let the phone reboot when you get initial first boot on your phone.
• Once you have flashed your phone, press (Setting> About Phone> Baseband Version) to check the version. It should be ended with XXKPQ !
• Factory reset (Setting> Security> Factory data reset) and enjoy !!

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CynogenMod 7.2 V1

MIUI Rom V9

XXKPN 2.3.5

 

Important: Before you flash to XXKPN, make sure that you are from either XXKPE, XXKPH, XXKPM Gingerbread series. 

If you are Froyo 2.2 user, please follow the instruction. You only need to flash once to XXKPE before proceeding to XXKPN. Please proceed to the next section if you were  Gingerbread user.

___________________________________________________________

• First up you must at least minimum 50% of battery so ensure you phone doesn't turn off when you flashing XXKPN.
• Backup all your data to avoid any data losses on your phone. With the help bellow you can backup all your data which in there in your phone. Also, remove the simcard so that the data in your simcard is kept save.

• SMS Messages – Use SMS Backup & Restore app
• Contacts in Phone Memory – Sync with the Gmail application
• Call Log - Call Log and Restore
• Videos, Images, Videos & Files etc.– Copy to External SD Card

• Enable the USB debugging in your phone. It can be enable it is "Setting> Application> Development> USB Debugging"
• Download XXKPN Firmware Package [Link]
• Password: sampro.pl
• After downloading the package, extracted it you will saw three folder here: (I9003XXKPN_I9003XXKPN_I9003SERKPN_HOME.tar.md5, Odin3_v1.83, and SS_DL.dll)
• Run the Odin3 v1.83
• Up next, turn off the phone so that you can enter into download mode. By enter into download mode, pressing volume down (-) with holding the home button (middle button) and pressing on/off button simultaneously. [Tut]
• Once the download mode is entered, using the cable to connect your phone to the PC. Now you should see the Odin shows Added with COM Number which is yellow color in the box.
• Click PDA button and select the file: I9003XXKPN_I9003XXKPN_I9003SERKPN_HOME.tar.md5
• Click the start button to let the Odin done everything.
• Warning: Do not touch anything untill it completely done and show PASS on the program Odin. The color will become to green.
• Let the phone reboot when you get initial first boot on your phone.
• Once you have flashed your phone, press (Setting> About Phone> Baseband Version) to check the version. It should be ended with XXKPN !
• Factory reset (Setting> Security> Factory data reset) and enjoy !!

_________________________________________________________________

XXKPE 2.3.4

Important: Before you flash to XXKPE, make sure that you are from Froyo 2.2 user.
___________________________________________________________

• First up you must at least minimum 50% of battery so ensure you phone doesn't turn off when you flashing XXKPE.
• Backup all your data to avoid any data losses on your phone. With the help bellow you can backup all your data which in there in your phone. Also, remove the simcard so that the data in your simcard is kept save.

• SMS Messages – Use SMS Backup & Restore app
• Contacts in Phone Memory – Sync with the Gmail application
• Call Log - Call Log and Restore
• Videos, Images, Videos & Files etc.– Copy to External SD Card

• Enable the USB debugging in your phone. It can be enable it is "Setting> Application> Development> USB Debugging"
• Download XXKPE Firmware Package [Link]
• Password: samfirmware.com
• After downloading the package, extracted it you will saw six folder here: (Latona_20110114.pit,  CODE_I9003XXKPE_CL409735_REV08_user_low_ship.tar,  MODEM_I9003XXKPE_REV_00_CL1041909.tar,  APBOOT_I9003XXKPE_CL409735_REV08_user_low_ship.tar,  GT-I9003-CSC-MULTI-OXAKPE.tar, Odin3 v1.83)
• Run the Odin3 v1.83
• Click Pit button and select this file: Latona_20110114.pit
• Up next, turn off the phone so that you can enter into download mode. By enter into download mode, pressing volume down (-) with holding the home button (middle button) and pressing on/off button simultaneously. [Tut]
• Once the download mode is entered, using the cable to connect your phone to the PC. Now you should see the Odin shows Added with COM Number which is yellow color in the box.
• Click PDA button and select the file:  CODE_I9003XXKPE_CL409735_REV08_user_low_ship.tar 
• Click Phone button to select this file:  MODEM_I9003XXKPE_REV_00_CL1041909.tar
• Click Bootloader and select the file: APBOOT_I9003XXKPE_CL409735_REV08_user_low_ship.tar
• Click CSC button and select this file: GT-I9003-CSC-MULTI-OXAKPE.tar
• Click the start button to flash these file to the phone.
• Warning: Do not touch anything untill you it completely done and show PASS on the program Odin. The color will become to green.
• Let the phone reboot when you get initial first boot on your phone.
• Once you have flashed your phone, press (Setting> About Phone> Baseband Version) to check the version. It should be ended with XXKPE !
• Factory reset (Setting> Security> Factory data reset) and enjoy !!

_________________________________________________________________